Not more than a few weeks ago, I recall seeing some news item
appearing about a recently published paperback book, this
year:
http://www.amazon.com/Calendars-Years-II-Astronomy-Medieval/dp/184217987X
In a separate chapter on the Mayan calendar, I've read that
Dr. Gerardo Aldana (who is a professor at UCSB and
specializes in Maya hieroglyphic history) says that the
process of converting data between the modern and Mayan
calendars may be wrong by 50 years or even perhaps even a
century.
Possibly true. Although it can only be wrong by certain fixed amounts
since it is a calendar founded on the Sun-Earth-Moon eclipse
configuration (integer multiples of Saros and Inex). The Hebrew and
Arabic calendars were also more accurately aligned with reality than the
Romans Julian calendar for similar reasons.
Haven't read the chapter, myself. But it certainly reflects
on any "accuracy" claim for the Mayan calendar.
They were pretty good astronomers and had established some of the better
known eclipse periodicities (as had the Babylonians and Chinese). I
wouldn't demean the Mayan efforts - they almost certainly did a far
better job of computing their calendars than the Romans!
The known eclipse periodicities and their physical interpretation along
with a summary of which ones were thought to have been know to the
ancients is online at:
http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/eclipse/eclipsecycles.htm
Since they had an observational tie in to the rather precise alignment
needed for a solar eclipse (less so for a lunar eclipse) there is every
reason to suppose their calendar keeps good time even over a few
thousand years. What is less clear is the mapping between their dates
and our dates - historians could easily have got that wrong.
It is a bit easier in China as they also recorded novae and in 1670 the
Jesuit priest Ferdinand Verbiest managed to defeat their by then rather
lazy out of touch royal astronomers in an eclipse predicting
competition. The loser was cut up into little bits whilst still alive.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiest
It is an amazing story not least because the Chinese made wood block
prints of all the European mediaeval technology that Verbiest used to
re-equip Peking observatory and several of these still survive today.
Chinese cannons with "Verbiest fecit" on them have been found too - he
was quite a character and very knowledgeable.
http://www.manresa-sj.org/stamps/1_Verbiest.htm
Regards,
Martin Brown